The phase 1 exam of NABARD Grade A has 8 subjects. The official notification of NABARD Grade A only mentions the syllabus of ESI and ARD. Knowing the syllabus and topics asked in the remaining subjects of phase 1 is crucial for you. We have done a thorough PYQ analysis to identify the syllabus topics of the NABARD Grade A phase 1 exam.
NABARD Grade A Syllabus for Phase 1
The NABARD Grade A Phase 1 (Prelims) exam is divided into 2 sections.
- Qualifying (Non-Merit) Sections: Reasoning, English Language, Computer Knowledge, Quantitative Aptitude, and Decision Making.
- Merit Sections: General Awareness, Economic & Social Issues (with a focus on rural India), and Agriculture & Rural Development (with emphasis on rural India).
Let’s review the syllabus pf each of the above subjects one by one.
Reasoning Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
Reasoning ability has 20 questions of 1 mark each. Following are the topics that comprise the reasoning ability syllabus.
- Alphanumeric Series
- Coding and Decoding
- Syllogism
- Direction Sense
- Inequality
- Ranking and Order
- Blood Relation
- Puzzles and Seating Arrangement
- Input-Output
- Questions based on Statements
- Questions based on Data Sufficiency
Important Topics of Reasoning for NABARD Grade A
To help you identify the important topics for Reasoning, here’s a topic-wise breakdown of the number of questions asked from each topic in the last few years.
NABARD Grade A Reasoning Ability Topic-Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topics | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Seating Arrangement | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 2 |
Puzzles | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
Inequality | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Syllogism | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Ranking | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Blood Relation | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coding & Decoding | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Direction Sense | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Data Sufficiency | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Meaningful Word | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important Reasoning topics for the NABARD Grade A Phase 1 exam.
Note: The above list of topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Quantitative Aptitude (QA) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
There are 20 questions of 1 mark each under the Quantitative Aptitude section. Following are the syllabus topics that you must prepare for Quantitative Aptitude.
- Ratio and Proportion
- Percentage
- Profit and Loss
- Simple and Compound Interest
- Average and Age
- Time and Work
- Pipes and Cistern
- Time and Distance
- Mixture and Alligation
- Series and Quadratic Equation
- Mathematical Inequalities
- Number Series
- Data Interpretation
- Simplification/Approximation
- Quantity Comparisons
Important Topics of Quantitative Aptitude for NABARD Grade A
To help you identify the important topics for Quantitative Aptitude, here’s an analysis of PYQs of the last few years.
NABARD Grade A Maths Topic Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topic | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Number Series | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Data Interpretation | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Quadratic Equations | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Simplification | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Word Problem | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
Percentage | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Profit and Loss | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Time and Distance | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Time and Work | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Ages and Partnership | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Ratio and Mixture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Interest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Boats & Stream | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important Quant topics for the NABARD Grade A exam.
Note: The above list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
English Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
The English section has 30 questions of 1 mark each. Here is the list of topics that comprise the syllabus of English.
- Reading Comprehension
- Sentence Rearrangement
- Cloze Test
- Para Jumbles
- Double Fillers
- Error Detection and Sentence Improvement
- Vocabulary (Synonyms, Antonyms, One-word Substitution, Phrasal verbs)
Important Topics of English for NABARD Grade A
To help you identify the most important topics for English, here’s an analysis of PYQs for the last few years.
NABARD Grade A English Topic Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topic | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Reading Comprehension | 7 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 12 |
Word Replacement | 0 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 4 |
Cloze Test | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
Sentence Rearrangement | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
Word Reshuffle | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Error Detection | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 10 |
Double Filler | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sentence Improvement | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Miscellaneous | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important English topics for the NABARD Grade A exam.
Note: The above list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Computer Knowledge (CK) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
There are 20 questions of 1 mark each under the Computer Knowledge section. Following is the syllabis of Computer Knowledge.
- Computer Awareness
- Hardware and Memory
- Software and Operating Systems
- MS Office
- Database Management System
- Internet and Computer Security
- History and Computer & Generations
- Shortcuts
Important Topics of Computer Knowledge for NABARD Grade A
We have carried out an analysis of PYQs for the last few years to help you identify the important topics for Computer Knowledge.
NABARD Grade A Computer Knowledge Topic Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topic | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Introduction to Computer | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Computer Organisation and Data Processing Cycle | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Hardware | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
Memory | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Software | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Operating System | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Computer Network | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 7 |
MS Office | 1 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
Database Management System | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Computer Security | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Miscellaneous | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important Computer Knowledge topics for the NABARD Grade A exam.
Note: The above list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Decision Making (DM) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
The Decision Making section consists of 10 questions of 1 mark each respectively. Following is the syllabus of Decision Making.
- Basics of Decision Making
- Types of Decision Making
- Decision Making Models
- Decision Making Approaches
- Factors Affecting Decision Making
- Types of Problems Decision Making
Important Topics of Decision Making for NABARD Grade A
We have carried out an analysis of PYQs to help you identify the important topics for Decision Making.
NABARD Grade A Decision Making Topic Wise Breakdown | |||
Number of Questions | |||
Topics | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 |
Basics of Decision Making | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Types of Decision Making | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Process of Decision Making | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Decision Making Models | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Conditions of Decision Making | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Approaches of Decision Making | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Techniques of Decision Making | 3 | 1 | 3 |
Styles of Decision Making | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bias in Decision Making | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Miscellaneous Topics (General Management, Planning, and Leadership) | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important Decision Making topics for the NABARD Grade A exam.
Note: The above list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Here, you can download the NABARD Grade A PYQs from 2023 to 2019.
General Awareness (GA) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
There are 20 questions of 1 mark each for General Awareness. By analyzing the past years’ question papers, we have divided the NABARD Grade A GA syllabus into 2 parts—static and current affairs.
GA Current Affairs Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
- National News: MoUs, summits, and major events related to India.
- International: Summits and conferences held abroad
- Defence: Military exercises, drills, and major updates related to the defence sector of India
- Days in News: Major events or days, along with its date and theme
- Persons in News: Obituaries, appointments, retirements
- Sports: Major tournaments and their winners
- Science, Technology, and Space
- Awards and honours
- Environment
- Banking, Economy, and Schemes
- Books and Authors
GA Static Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
- Chief Ministers and Cabinet Ministers
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Organisations Headquarters
- Banks Headquarters and Taglines
- Power Plants in India
- Indian Dance Forms
- Countries Capitals and their Currencies
Important Topics of GA for NABARD Grade A
To help you identify the important topics for General Awareness, here’s an analysis of GA PYQs for the last few years.
NABARD Grade A General Awareness Topic Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topics | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Government Schemes/Acts/Programmer | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Reports | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
First in News | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Place in News | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
Environment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Person in News | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Awards/Honour | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Books + Authors | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Sports | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Defense | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Science and Tech | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sustainable Development and Environmental Issues | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Static GA | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MoUs and Agreements | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Indian Polity | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Government Initiatives | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Miscellaneous | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Based on the above, here are the most, moderately, and least important General Awareness topics for the NABARD Grade A Phase 1 exam.
Note: The above list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Economic and Social Issues (ESI) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
Following is the ESI syllabus as per the NABARD Grade A notification for Phase 2 of the exam. It is applicable for Phase 1 as well, considering the syllabus for ESI for both Phases is the same.
- Nature of Indian Economy – Structural and Institutional features – Economic underdevelopment – Opening up the Indian Economy – Globalisation – Economic Reforms in India – Privatisation. Inflation – Trends in Inflation & their Impact on National Economy and Individual Income.
- Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation in India – Rural and Urban – Measurement of Poverty – Poverty Alleviation Programmes of the Government.
- Population Trends – Population Growth and Economic Development – Population Policy in India.
- Agriculture – Characteristics / Status – Technical and Institutional changes in Indian Agriculture – Agricultural performance – Issues in Food Security in India – Non-Institutional and Institutional Agencies in rural credit.
- Industry – Industrial and Labour Policy – Industrial performance – Regional Imbalance in India’s Industrial Development – Public Sector Enterprises.
- Rural banking and financial institutions in India – Reforms in Banking/ Financial sector.
- Globalization of Economy – Role of International Funding Institutions – IMF & World Bank – WTO – Regional Economic Co-operation.
- Social Structure in India – Multiculturalism – Demographic trends – Urbanisation and Migration – Gender Issues Joint family system – Social Infrastructure – Education – Health and Environment. Education – Status & System of Education – Socio – Economic Problems associated with Illiteracy – Educational relevance and educational wastage – Educational Policy for India.
- Social Justice: Problems of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes – socio-economic programmes for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
- Positive Discrimination in favour of the under privileged – Social Movements -Indian Political Systems – Human Development.
- Current Economic & Social Issues.
Important Topics of ESI for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
To help you identify the important topics for ESI, here’s a detailed analysis of PYQs for the last few years.
NABARD Grade A ESI Topic Wise Breakdown | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topics | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Government Schemes/Policies,/Programmes | 23 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 23 |
Reports/Indices | 2 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Union Budget/Economic Survey | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
ESI Syllabus-based Current Affairs | 7 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 9 |
ARD Static/Current | 1 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 3 |
ESI Static | 6 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 0 |
Finance Current Affairs | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Important Topics of ESI Static for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
Following is the list of topics that you must prepare for ESI Static.
- Growth and Development
- Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation in India
- Economic History of India – Globalisation and Privatisation
- Sustainable Development and Environmental Issues.
- Fiscal Policy + Monetary Policy
- Inflation
- Industrial & Labour Policy
- Indian Agriculture
- Regional Economic Cooperation
- International Economic Institutions – IMF and World Bank – WTO
- Opening up of the Indian Economy, Balance of Payments
- Multiculturalism
- Population and Demographic Trends
- Urbanisation and Migration
- Gender Issues
- Social Justice- Positive Discrimination in favour of the underprivileged
- Social Movements
- Indian Political System
- Human Development
- Social Sectors in India, Health and Education
- Rural banking and Financial Institutions – Reforms in Banking and Financial Sector
Important Topics of ESI Current Affairs for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
Following is the list of topics that you must prepare for ESI Current Affairs.
- Flagship Economic Development Schemes: PM-SYM, PMJDY, PMJJBY, PMSBY, PMMY, Stand Up India, DDU-GKY, PMEGP, Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme
- Books and Authors
- Defence: Military Exercises, Equipment
- MoUs + Funding, Banks, Alliance, Membership
- Person in News: Awards, Appointments, Obituaries
- First in News (For ex: an initiative taken for the first time, a national organisation’s first event, etc.)
- Summits and Conference
- Current Affairs: Environment and Ecology
- Data by Important Institutes: NITI Ayog, RBI, NABARD, WTO, WB, IMF, ADB, etc.
Note: The list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) Syllabus for NABARD Grade A
Following is the ARD syllabus asper the NABARD Grade A notification.
- Agriculture: definition, meaning and its branches, Agronomy: definition, meaning and scope of agronomy. Classification of field crops. Factors affecting crop production, Agro Climatic Zones; Cropping Systems: Definition and types of cropping systems. Problems of dry land agriculture; Seed production, seed processing, seed village; Meteorology: weather parameters, crop-weather advisory; Precision Farming, System of Crop Intensification, organic farming
- Soil and Water Conservation: Major soil types, soil fertility, fertilisers, soil erosion, soil conservation, watershed management;
- Water Resource: Irrigation Management: types of irrigation, sources of irrigation, crop-water requirement, command area development, water conservation techniques, micro-irrigation, irrigation pumps, major, medium and minor irrigation.
- Farm and Agri Engineering: Farm Machinery and Power, Sources of power on the farm- human, animal, mechanical, electrical, wind, solar and biomass, bio fuels, water harvesting structures, farm ponds, watershed management, Agro Processing, Controlled and modified storage, perishable food storage, godowns, bins and grain silos.
- Plantation & Horticulture: Definition, meaning and its branches. Agronomic practices and production technology of various plantation and horticulture crops. Post-harvest management, value and supply chain management of Plantation and Horticulture crops.
- Animal Husbandry: Farm animals and their role in Indian economy, Animal husbandry methods in India, common terms pertaining to different species of livestock, Utility classification of breeds of cattle. Introduction to common feeds and fodders, their classification and utility. Introduction to poultry industry in India (past, present and future status), Common terms pertaining to poultry production and management. Concept of mixed farming and its relevance to socio-economic conditions of farmers in India. Complementary and obligatory nature of livestock and poultry production with that of agricultural farming.
- Fisheries: Fisheries resources, management and exploitation – freshwater, brackish water and marine; Aquaculture- Inland and marine; biotechnology; post-harvest technology. Importance of fisheries in India. Common terms pertaining to fish production.
- Forestry: Basic concepts of Forest and Forestry. Principles of silviculture, forest mensuration, forest management and forest economics. Concepts of social forestry, agroforestry, joint forest management. Forest policy and legislation in India, India State of Forest Report 2015. Recent developments under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
- Agriculture Extensions: Its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies.
- Ecology and Climate Change: Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Causes of climate change, Green House Gases (GHG), major GHG emitting countries, climate analysis, distinguish between adaptation and mitigation, climate change impact to agriculture and rural livelihood, carbon credit, IPCC, UNFCCC, CoP meetings, funding mechanisms for climate change projects, initiatives by Govt of India, NAPCC, SAPCC, INDC.
- Present Scenario of Indian Agriculture and Allied activities; recent trends, major challenges in agriculture measures to enhance viability of agriculture. Factors of Production in agriculture; Agricultural Finance and Marketing; Impact of Globalization on Indian Agriculture and issues of Food Security; Concept and Types of Farm Management.
Rural Development: Concept of Rural Area, Structure of the Indian Rural EconomyImportance and role of the rural sector in India- Economic, Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Indian rural economy, causes of Rural Backwardness.
Rural population in India; Occupational structure, Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, Artisans, Handicrafts, Traders, Forest dwellers/tribes and others in rural India- Trends of change in rural population and rural work force; problems and conditions of rural labour; Issues and challenges in Handlooms
Panchayati Raj Institutions – Functions and Working. MGNREGA, NRLM – Aajeevika, Rural Drinking Water Programmes, Swachh Bharat, Rural Housing, PURA and other rural development programmes.
Important Topics of ARD for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
To help you identify the important topics for ARD, here’s an analysis of PYQs for the last few years.
NABARD Grade A ARD PYQ Analysis | |||||
Number of Questions | |||||
Topics | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
Introduction to Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Agronomy | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Farming System | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Cropping System and Pattern | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Agrometeorology | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Seed and Sowing | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Soil and Water Conservation | 9 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Water Resource and Irrigation | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Agriculture Engineering | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Plantation and Horticulture | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Animal Husbandry | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Fisheries | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Forestry | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Agriculture Extension | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Agriculture Economics | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Important Agronomic Practices | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
Rural Development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
ARD Current Affairs | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
ESI Current Affairs | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
Important Topics of ARD Static for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
Following is the list of topics that you must prepare for ARD Static.
- Agronomy: Production, Definition, & Meaning
- Farming System: Types of Farming
- Types of Soils and Soil Water
- Methods to prevent soil erosion
- Nutrient deficiency and symptoms
- Horticulture: Production and Branches
- Vegetative Propagation and Types
- Major Diseases and Pest
- Post-harvest method
- Animal Husbandry: Breeds, Terminology
- Milk and its properties
- Poultry: Breed and Terminology
- Fisheries: Types and Production
- Aquaculture: Breeds, types, and terminology
- Forestry and Types
- Agriculture Extension Institute and Schemes
Important Topics of ARD Current Affairs for NABARD Grade A Phase 1
Following is the list of topics that you must prepare for ARD Current Affairs.
- ARD Schemes of the last 6 months
- Flagship Agriculture Schemes (AIF, PMKSY, PMFBY, PM-KMY, e-NAM, KCC, SHC, PMMSY, NHM)
- Flagship Rural Development Schemes: PMAY-G, PMGSY, NRuM, MGNREGA, JJM, NRLM, DDUGKY
- Census: 2011, SECC, Livestock, Agriculture
- Annual Reports: MoA&FW, AH&D, NABARD, and MSP
- Latest Union Budget
- Latest Economic Survey
- Indian State of Forest Report
- Key Stats of Cooperative Banks
Note: The list of important topics is solely to help you streamline your preparation and make it more efficient. It does not indicate that you should skip the rest of the syllabus.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
A significant portion of the NABARD Grade A Phase 1 syllabus overlaps with the RBI Grade B Phase 1 syllabus. Phase 1 of NABARD Grade A includes all the subjects in Phase 1 of the RBI Grade B exam. Common subjects include General Awareness, English, Reasoning, and Quantitative Aptitude.
At the same time, there are some distinct differences between the NABARD Grade A Phase 1 syllabus and the RBI Grade B Phase 1 syllabus. Phase 1 of NABARD Grade A has some additional subjects that are missing in the RBI Grade B exam, such as Decision Making, Computer Knowledge, and ARD.
To learn about the differences and similarities between the RBI Grade B and NABARD Grade A exam syllabus and pattern in detail, click here: RBI Grade B Vs NABARD Grade A.
While the answer to this question depends on numerous factors like your educational background, knowledge, language preference, and more, NABARD Grade A is generally considered a tough examination.
However, that does not mean the NABARD Grade A exam is not doable. With the right preparation strategy, sources, passion, and consistency, you can improve your chances of clearing the NABARD Grade A 2024 exam.
Here’s an important resource that will help you prepare well for the NABARD Grade A exam: NABARD Grade A 2024 Strategy & Study Plan
We have curated an in-depth 5-step guide to help you cover the NABARD Grade A syllabus in its entirety: How to Prepare for NABARD Grade A 2024 – 5 Step Strategy. It includes a 9-month plan that allocates ample time for every subject, allowing for more comprehensive preparation.
Yes, a significant portion of the SEBI Grade A Paper 1 syllabus of Phase 1 overlaps with the NABARD Grade A Phase 1 syllabus. Both have the same subjects—General Awareness (GA), English Language, Quantitative Aptitude, and Reasoning Ability, with almost similar topics.